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Please visit the NOAA/NCEI website for access to ISCCP H data products and other up-to-date information.

About ISCCP

Accomplishments of the
International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project

Project Objectives (see Schiffer and Rossow 1983) and Accomplishments (1983 + 2005):

(1) Produce a global, reduced-resolution, calibrated and normalized, infrared and visible radiance dataset, along with basic information on the radiative properties of the atmosphere, from which cloud parameters can be derived.

+ First accurate (within 10% absolute) radiance calibration standard for all imaging radiometers on the international constellation of weather satellites encompassing almost two decades, now revised to reduce uncertainties to below 7% (Brest and Rossow 1992, Desormeaux et al. 1993, Brest et al. 1997)

+ Produced reduced-volume, calibrated and navigated, radiance dataset from all weather satellites in uniform format (one READ program) with 30 km, 3 hr resolution for research use (Schiffer and Rossow 1985): first global dataset released in 1984, 22 years now available

+ Produced comprehensive datasets for atmospheric (uniform map grid) and surface properties (merged snow and ice data) from available operational products

+ Produced second reduced-volume, calibrated and navigated, radiance dataset from all weather satellites in uniform format (one READ program) with 10 km, 3 hr resolution for research use; 23 years now available

(2) Coordinate basic research on techniques for inferring the physical properties of clouds from satellite radiance data.

+ Organized series of international workshops (New York: October 1980, Columbia, Maryland: October 1987, New York: April 1996) to discuss whole range of cloud-climate issues + attendance by 50-100 scientists

+ Organized four workshops from 1982 to 1984 to compare cloud detection methods (Rossow et al. 1985)

+ Developed state-of-art cloud analysis methodology (Rossow and Garder 1993a), including first comprehensive radiative transfer model retrievals and first merged analysis of multiple data streams (Rossow et al. 1989, Rossow 1989), revised radiative model based on results of special field studies (Rossow and Schiffer 1999)

+ Quantified effects of sampling and averaging of satellite observations of clouds (Seze and Rossow 1991, Rossow and Cairns 1995)

+ Extended retrieval method for cloud droplet sizes to retrieval for ice particles (Han et al. 1998a, b, 1999)

+ Organized international assessment of ISCCP and other global cloud products: first workshop held in April 2005, second in July 2006

(3) Derive and validate a global cloud climatology.

+ Developed simple, regular format for global datasets (Rossow and Garder 1984)

+ Produced 8-yr global climatology of cloud properties (C-series), including first quantitative global surveys of cloud top heights and optical thicknesses (Rossow and Schiffer 1991, Rossow and Cairns 1995): first global dataset released in 1987, CD of monthly mean products released in 1992

+ Established Internet Web site that provides project description and status information, links to all related projects, complete dataset documentation, radiance calibration results, browse samples of monthly mean cloud parameters, and summary climatological diagnostics results

+ Conducted comprehensive evaluation of cloud products by detailed comparisons of ISCCP results with cloud climatologies based on surface observations (Rossow et al. 1993, Hahn et al. 2001), on SAGE (Liao et al. 1995a, b), and on two analyses of HIRS (Jin et al. 1996, Stubenrauch et al. 1999a, b) [several more publications by other researchers]

+ Conducted detailed evaluation studies with field data (Rossow and Garder 1993b, Han et al. 1994, Lin and Rossow 1994, Han et al. 1995, Curry et al. 1996, Randall et al. 1996, Wang et al. 1999, Rossow and Schiffer 1999) [many more publications by other researchers]

+ First global survey of land surface skin temperatures and their diurnal variations, highlighted importance of diurnal cycle of ocean surface skin temperature (Rossow and Garder 1993b, Aires et al. 2001, Aires et al. 2004) [more publications by other researchers]

+ First global surveys of mean droplet sizes in liquid water clouds (Han et al. 1994) and particle sizes in ice clouds (Han et al. 1998a, b, 1999) based on ISCCP cloud products; produced 20 year survey of liquid and ice cloud particle sizes

+ First estimate of cloud ice water path amounts over global oceans based on satellite microwave measurements and ISCCP cloud products (Lin and Rossow 1994, 1996)

+ Global survey of land surface microwave emissivities based on satellite microwave measurements and ISCCP cloud products (Prigent et al. 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, Prigent and Rossow 1999)

+ Revised cloud analysis methodology based on evaluation and field studies to improve cloud detections, especially over polar regions, and analysis of ice phase clouds (Mishchenko et al. 1996, Rossow and Schiffer 1999)

+ First determination and physical explanation for variety of microwave polarization signatures observed in tropical convective systems (Prigent et al. 2001, 2005)

+ Developed first globally complete, statistical model of the three-dimensional cloud distribution (Rossow et al. 2005)

+ Extended cloud climatology to 22-yr (Rossow and Schiffer 1999), covering July 1983 – June 2005; monthly mean products available online

(4) Promote research using ISCCP data to improve parameterizations of clouds in climate models.

+ Quantitative survey of global cloud distribution and characteristics and their seasonal variations, identified and quantified main modes of cloud variability (Rossow et al. 1993, Rossow and Cairns 1995) [some other publications]

+ Global survey of systematic variation of cloud optical thickness with cloud temperature (Tselioudis et al. 1992, Tselioudis and Rossow 1993)

+ First survey of global distribution and vertical variations of cloud diurnal cycles (Cairns 1995) [some other publications]

+ Conducted surveys of characteristics of clouds in tropical convective systems and the dynamic behavior of these systems (Machado and Rossow 1993, Machado et al. 1998, Siqueira et al. 2005, Rossow et al. 2005) [several more publications by other researchers]

+ Conducted surveys of characteristics of clouds in midlatitude cyclones (Tselioudis et al. 1999, 2000) [several more publications by other researchers]

+ Investigated synoptic- and seasonal-scale variability of marine stratus for the first time (Wang et al. 1999, Rozendaal and Rossow 2003)

+ Investigated cirrus interactions with volcanic aerosols (Luo et al. 2002) and with tropical convection and other atmospheric waves (Luo and Rossow 2005) and contrails produced by aircraft (Stordhal et al. 2005) [several more publications by other researchers]

+ Conducted some of the first surveys of multi-layer clouds (Poore et al. 1995, Wang and Rossow 1995, Jin and Rossow 1997, Lin et al. 1998, Wang et al. 2000) and performed some model studies of implications (Stubenrauch et al. 1997, Wang and Rossow 1998)

+ Classified tropical meteorological states identified by mesoscale joint distribution of cloud top pressure and optical thickness (Rossow et al. 2005)

+ Released ISCCP Simulator, Cluster Analysis and ISCCP Convective Colocator software systems and databases to enable more detailed comparisons of observed cloud properties and global model representations (see Randall et al. 2003, Tselioudis et al. 2004)

+ Visiting scientist program: Graduated 12 PhD students, 1 current student, 10 Post-docs, 7 Visiting Researchers

+ More than 1000 papers published using ISCCP data

+ Now coordinating “on-line” case study datasets for comparisons with model simulations in the GEWEX Cloud System Studies (Tselioudis et al. 2004)

(5) Improve understanding of the earth’s radiation budget (top-of-atmosphere and surface) and hydrological cycle.

+ ISCCP cloud datasets used to determine several global climatologies of both the top-of-atmosphere and the surface radiative fluxes (Rossow and Lacis 1990, Bishop and Rossow 1991, Zhang et al. 1995, Rossow and Zhang 1995, Bishop et al. 1997), most notably by the WCRP Surface Radiation Budget project (Raschke et al. 2005) [many more publications by other researchers]

+ ISCCP cloud datasets used to determine role of clouds in partitioning of radiative forcing for the atmospheric and oceanic general circulations (Zhang and Rossow 1997)

+ Began investigations of cloud-precipitation relationships (Lin and Rossow 1997)

+ ISCCP cloud datasets being used to determine radiative effects of small scale (< 300 km) variations of cloud properties (Rossow et al. 2002)

+ ISCCP radiance dataset now being used to survey global aerosols (Mishchenko et al. 1999, 2003, Geogdzhayev et al. 2002, Mishchenko et al. 2007) and the cloud dataset now being used to examine possible effects of aerosols on clouds (Han et al. 1998a, b, 2000, 2002) [publications by other researchers]

+ ISCCP dataset used to produce first, globally complete, diurnally resolved radiative flux profile dataset covering 21.5 years (Zhang et al. 2004, Raschke et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 2007)

+ Combined ISCCP datasets with other satellites to infer hydrological parameters for land surfaces (Prigent et al. 2003a, b, 2005, Aires et al. 2005, Prigent et al. 2005, Aires et al. 2005, Papa et al. 2006a, Prigent et al. 2006, Papa et al. 2006b, Prigent et al. 2007)

References

Aires, F., C. Prigent, W.B. Rossow and M. Rothstein, 2001: A new neural network approach including first-guess for retrieval of atmospheric water vapor, cloud liquid water path, surface temperature and emissivities over land from satellite microwave observations. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14,887-14,907.

Aires, F., C. Prigent and W.B. Rossow, 2004: Temporal interpolation of global surface skin temperature diurnal cycle over land under clear and cloudy conditions. J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi 10.1029/2003JD003527 (1-18).

Aires, F., C. Prigent and W.B. Rossow, 2005: Sensitivity of satellite microwave and infrared observations to soil moisture at a global scale. II: Global statistical relationships. J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi 10.1029/2004JD005094, (1-14).

Bishop, J.K.B., and W.B. Rossow, 1991: Spatial and temporal variability of global surface solar irradiance. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16,839-16,858.

Bishop, J.K.B., W.B. Rossow and E.G. Dutton, 1997: Surface solar irradiance from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project 1983 - 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6883-6910..

Brest, C.L., and W.B. Rossow, 1992: Radiometric calibration and monitoring of NOAA AVHRR data for ISCCP. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 13, 235-273.

Brest, C.L., W.B. Rossow and M.D. Roiter, 1997: Update of radiance calibrations for ISCCP. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 14, 1091-1109.

Cairns, B., 1995, Diurnal variations of cloud from ISCCP data. Atmos. Res., 37, 133-146.

Chen, T., W.B. Rossow and Y-C. Zhang, 2000a: Radiative effects of cloud-type variations. J. Climate, 13, 264-286.

Chen, T., Y-C. Zhang and W.B. Rossow, 2000b: Sensitivity of radiative heating rate profiles to variations of cloud layer overlap. J. Climate, 13, 2941-2959.

Curry, J.A., W.B. Rossow, D. Randall and J.L. Schramm, 1996: Overview of Arctic cloud and radiation characteristics. J. Climate, 9, 1731-1764.

Curry, J.A., C.A. Clayson, W.B. Rossow, R. Reeder, Y-C.Zhang, P.J. Webster, G. Liu and R-S. Sheu, 1999: High-resolution satellite-derived dataset of the surface fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum for the TOGA COARE IOP. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2059-2080.

Desormeaux, Y., W.B. Rossow, C.L. Brest and G.G. Campbell, 1993: Normalization and calibration of geostationary satellite radiances for ISCCP. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 10, 304-325.

Geogdzhayev, I.V., M.I. Mishchenko, W.B. Rossow, B. Cairns and A.A. Lacis, 2002: Global two-channel AVHRR retrievals of aerosol properties over the ocean for the period of NOAA-9 observations and preliminary retrievals using NOAA-7 and NOAA-11 data. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 262-278.

Hahn, C.J., W.B. Rossow and S.G. Warren, 2001: ISCCP cloud properties associated with standard cloud types identified in individual surface observations. J. Climate, 14, 11-28.

Han, Q-Y., W.B. Rossow and A.A. Lacis, 1994: Near-global survey of effective cloud droplet radii in liquid water clouds using ISCCP data. J. Climate, 7, 465-497.

Han, Q., W.B. Rossow, R. Welch, A. White and J. Chou, 1995: Validation of satellite retrievals of cloud microphysics and liquid water path using observations from FIRE. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4183-4195.

Han, Q., W.B. Rossow, J. Chou and R.M. Welch, 1998a: Global variation of droplet column concentration in low-level clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1419-1422.

Han, Q., W.B. Rossow, J. Chou and R.M. Welch, 1998b: Global survey of the relationships of cloud albedo and liquid water path with droplet size using ISCCP. J. Climate, 11, 1516-1528.

Han, Q., W.B. Rossow, J. Chou, K-S. Kuo and R.M. Welch, 1999: The effects of aspect ratio and surface roughness on satellite retrievals of ice-cloud properties. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans., 63, 559-583.

Han, Q., W.B. Rossow, J. Chou and R.M. Welch, 2000: Near-global survey of cloud column susceptibilities using ISCCP data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3221-3224.

Han, Q., W.B. Rossow, J. Zeng and R. Welch, 2002: Three different behaviors of liquid water path of water clouds in aerosol-cloud interactions. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 726-735.

Jin, Y., W.B. Rossow and D.P. Wylie, 1996: Comparison of the climatologies of high-level clouds from HIRS and ISCCP. J. Climate, 9, 2850-2879.

Jin, Y., and W.B. Rossow, 1997: Detection of cirrus overlapping low-level clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1727-1737.

Liao, X., W.B. Rossow and D. Rind, 1995a: Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds, Part I: Global and zonal mean cloud amounts. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1121-1135.

Liao, X., W.B. Rossow, and D. Rind, 1995b: Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds, Part II: Locating cloud tops. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1137-1147.

Lin, B., and W.B. Rossow, 1994: Observations of cloud liquid water path over oceans: Optical and microwave remote sensing methods. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20,907-20,927.

Lin, B., and W.B. Rossow, 1996: Seasonal variation of liquid and ice water path in nonprecipitating clouds over oceans. J. Climate, 9, 2890-2902.

Lin, B., and W.B. Rossow, 1997: Precipitation water path and rainfall rate estimates for oceans using special sensor microwave imager and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9359-9374.

Lin, B., B.A. Wielicki, P. Minnis and W.B. Rossow, 1998: Estimation of water cloud properties from satellite microwave, infrared and visible measurements in oceanic environments 1. Microwave brightness temperature simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3873-3886.

Liu, J., J.A. Curry, W.B. Rossow, J.R. Key and X.Wang, 2005: Comparison of surface radiative flux data sets over the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi 10.1029/2004JC002381 (1-13).

Luo, Z., W.B. Rossow, T.Inoue and C.J. Stubenrauch, 2002: Did the eruption of the Mt. Pinatubo volcano affect cirrus properties? J. Climate, 15, 2806-2820.

Luo, Z., and W.B. Rossow, 2004: Characterizing tropical cirrus life cycle, evolution and interaction with upper tropospheric water vapor using Lagrangian trajectory analysis of satellite observations. J. Climate, 17, 4541-4563.

Machado, L.A.T., and W.B. Rossow, 1993: Structural characteristics and radiative properties of tropical cloud clusters. Mon. Wea. Rev, 121, 3234-3260.

Machado, L.A.T., W.B. Rossow, R.L. Guedes, and A.W. Walker, 1998: Life cycle variations of mesoscale convective systems over the Americas. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1630-1654..

Mishchenko, M.I., W.B. Rossow, A. Macke and A.A. Lacis, 1996: Sensitivity of cirrus cloud albedo, bidirectional reflectance, and optical thickness retrieval accuracy to ice-particle shape. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,973-16,985.

Mishchenko, M.I., I.V. Geogdzhayev, B. Cairns, W.B. Rossow and A.A. Lacis, 1999: Aerosol retrievals over the ocean by use of channels 1 and 2 AVHRR data: Sensitivity analysis and preliminary results. Appl. Optics, 38, 7325-7341.

Mishchenko, M.I., L. Liu, I.V. Geogdzhayev, J.A. Ogren, A.A. Lacis, W.B. Rossow, J.W. Hovenier, H. Volten and O. Munoz, 2003: Aerosol retrievals from AVHRR radiances: Effects of particle nonsphericity and absorption and an updated long-term global climatology of aerosol properties. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radia. Trans., 79-80, 953-972.

Mishchenko, M.I., I.V. Geogdzhayev, W.B. Rossow, B. Cairns, B.E. Carlson, A.A. Lacis and L.D. Travis, 2007: Long-term satellite record reveals likely aerosol trend. Science, (in press).

Papa, F., C. Prigent, F. Durand and W.B. Rossow, 2006: Wetland dynamics using a suite of satellite observations: A case study of application and evaluation for the Indian subcontinent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi 10.1029/2006GL025767, (1-4).

Papa, F., C. Prigent, W.B. Rossow, B. Legresy and F. Remy, 2006: Inundated wetland dynamics over Boreal regions from remote sensing: The use of Topex-Poseidon dual-frequency radar altimeter observations. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 27, 4847-4866, doi:080/01431160600675887.

Poore, K., J-H. Wang and W.B. Rossow, 1995: Cloud layer thicknesses from a combination of surface and upper air observations. J. Climate, 8, 550-568.

Prigent, C., W.B. Rossow and E. Matthews, 1997: Microwave land surface emissivities estimated from SSM/I observations. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21,867-21,890.

Prigent, C., W.B. Rossow and E. Matthews, 1998: Global maps of microwave land surface emissivities estimated from SSM/I observations. Radio Sci., 33, 745-751..

Prigent, C., and W.B. Rossow, 1999: Retrieval of surface and atmospheric parameters over land from SSM/I: Potential and limitations. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 2379-2400.

Prigent, C., W.B. Rossow and E. Mathews, 1999: Microwave radiometric signatures of different surface types in deserts. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 12,147-12,158.

Prigent, C., J-P. Wigneron, W.B. Rossow and J.R. Pardo-Carrion, 2000: Frequency and angular variations of land surface microwave emissivities: Can we estimate SSM/T and AMSU emissivities from SSM/I emissivities? IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 38, 2373-2386.

Prigent, C., J.R. Pardo, M.I. Mishchenko and W.B. Rossow, 2001: Microwave polarized signatures generated within cloud systems: SSM/I observations interpreted with radiative transfer simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28,243-28,258.

Prigent, C., E. Defer, J.R. Pardo, C. Pearl, W.B. Rossow and J-P. Pinty, 2005: Relations of polarized scattering signatures observed by the TRMM Microwave Instrument with electrical processes in cloud systems. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi 10.1029/2004GL022225 (1-4).

Prigent, C., F. Aires, W.B. Rossow and A. Robock, 2005: Sensitivity of satellite microwave and infrared observations to soil moisture at a global scale. I: Relationship of satellite observations to in situ soil moisture measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi 10.1029/2004JD005087 (1-15).

Prigent, C., F. Aires and W.B. Rossow, 2006: Land surface microwave emissivities over the globe for a decade. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1573-1584.

Prigent, C., J. Pardo and W.B. Rossow, 2006: Comparisons of the millimeter and submillimeter frequency bands for atmospheric temperature and water vapor soundings for clear and cloudy skies. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45, 1622-1633.

Prigent, C., F. Papa, W.B. Rossow and F. Aires, 2007: Global decadal survey of wetland extent and inundation events using a suite of satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., (in press).

Randall, D.A., B. Albrecht, S. Cox, D. Johnson, P. Minnis, W. Rossow and D.O'C. Starr, 1996: On FIRE at ten. Adv. Geophys., 38, 37-177.

Randall, D., S. Krueger, C. Bretherton, J. Curry, P. Duynkerke, M. Moncrieff, B. Ryan, D. Starr, M. Miller, W. Rossow, G. Tselioudis and B. Wielicki, 2003: Confronting models with data: The GEWEX Cloud System Study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 455-469.

Raschke, E., A. Ohmura, W.B. Rossow, B.E. Carlson, Y-C. Zhang, C. Stubenrauch, M. Kottek and M. Wild, 2005: Cloud effects on the radiation budget based on ISCCP data (1991 to 1995). Int. J. Climatology, 25, 1023-1039.

Rossow, W.B., and L. Garder, 1984: Selection of a map grid for data analysis and archival. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1253-1257.

Rossow, W.B., F. Mosher, E. Kinsella, A. Arking, M. Desbois, E. Harrison, P. Minnis, E. Ruprecht, G. Seze, C. Simmer and E. Smith, 1985: ISCCP cloud algorithm intercomparison. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 877-903.

Rossow, W.B., 1989: Measuring cloud properties from space: A review. J. Climate, 2, 201-213.

Rossow, W.B., L.C. Garder and A.A. Lacis, 1989: Global, seasonal cloud variations from satellite radiance measurements. Part I: Sensitivity of analysis. J. Climate, 2, 419-462.

Rossow, W.B., and A.A. Lacis, 1990: Global, seasonal cloud variations from satellite radiance measurements. Part II: Cloud properties and radiative effects. J. Climate, 3, 1204-1253.

Rossow, W.B., and R.A. Schiffer, 1991: ISCCP cloud data products. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 2-20.

Rossow, W.B., and L.C. Garder, 1993a: Cloud detection using satellite measurements of infrared and visible radiances for ISCCP. J. Climate, 6, 2341-2369.

Rossow, W.B., and L.C. Garder, 1993b: Validation of ISCCP cloud detections. J. Climate, 6, 2370-2393.

Rossow, W.B., A.W. Walker and L.C. Garder, 1993: Comparison of ISCCP and other cloud amounts. J. Climate, 6, 2394-2418.

Rossow, W.B., and Y-C. Zhang, 1995: Calculation of surface and top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP datasets, Part II: Validation and first results. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1167-1197.

Rossow, W.B., and B. Cairns, 1995: Monitoring changes of clouds. Climatic Change, 31, 305-347.

Rossow, W.B., and R.A. Schiffer, 1999: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2261-2287.

Rossow, W.B., C. Delo and B. Cairns, 2002: Implications of the observed mesoscale variations of clouds for Earth’s radiation budget. J. Climate, 15, 557-585.

Rossow, W.B., Y-C. Zhang and J-H. Wang, 2005: A statistical model of cloud vertical structure based on reconciling cloud layer amounts inferred from satellites and radiosonde humidity profiles. J. Climate, 18, 3587-3605.

Rossow, W.B., G. Tselioudis, A. Polak and C. Jakob, 2005: Tropical climate described as a distribution of weather states indicated by distinct mesoscale cloud property mixtures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi 10.1029/2005GL024584, (1-4).

 

Rossow, W.B., and C. Pearl, 2007: 22-yr survey of tropical convection penetrating into the lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., (in press).

Rozendaal, M., and W.B. Rossow, 2003: Characterizing some of the influences of the general circulation on subtropical marine boundary layer clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 711-728.

Schiffer, R.A., and W.B. Rossow, 1983: The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP): The first project of the World Climate Research Programme. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64, 779-784.

Schiffer, R.A., and W.B. Rossow, 1985: ISCCP global radiance data set: A new resource for climate research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 1498-1505.

Seze, G., and W.B. Rossow, 1991: Effects of satellite data resolution on measuring the space/time variations of surfaces and clouds. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 12, 921-952.

Siqueira, J.R., W.B. Rossow, L.A.T. Machado and C. Pearl, 2005: Structural characteristics of convective systems over South America related to cold frontal incursions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1045-1064.

Stordal, F., G. Myhre, D.W. Alexander, T. Svendby, E.J.G. Stordal, W.B. Rossow and D.S. Lee, 2005: Is there a trend in cirrus cloud cover due to aircraft traffic?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2155-2162.

Stubenrauch, C.J., A.D. Del Genio and W.B. Rossow, 1997: Implementation of subgrid cloud vertical structure inside a GCM and its effect on the radiation budget. J. Climate, 10, 273-287.

Stubenrauch, C.J., W.B. Rossow, F. Cheruy, A. Chedin and N.A Scott, 1999a: Clouds as seen by satellite sounders (3I) and imagers (ISCCP). Part I: Evaluation of cloud parameters. J. Climate, 12, 2189-2213.

Stubenrauch, C.J., W.B. Rossow, N.A. Scott and A. Chedin, 1999b: Clouds as seen by satellite sounders (3I) and imagers (ISCCP): III) Combining 3I and ISCCP cloud parameters for better understanding of cloud radiative effects. J. Climate, 12, 3419-3442.

Tselioudis, G., W.B. Rossow and D. Rind, 1992: Global patterns of cloud optical thickness variation with temperature. J. Climate, 5, 1484-1495.

Tselioudis, G., A.A. Lacis, D. Rind and W.B. Rossow, 1993: Potential low-cloud optical thickness feedbacks on climate warming. Nature, 366, 670-672.

Tselioudis, G., and W.B. Rossow, 1994: Global, multiyear variations of optical thickness with temperature in low and cirrus clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2211-2214.

Tselioudis, G., Y-C. Zhang and W.B. Rossow, 2000: Cloud and radiation variations associated with northern midlatitude low and high sea level pressure regimes. J. Climate, 13, 312-327.

Tselioudis, G., W.B. Rossow, A.N. Gentilcore and J. Katzfey, 2004: The Data Integration for Model Evaluation (DIME) Web site: A one-stop shop for model evaluation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 830-835.

Tselioudis, G., and W.B. Rossow, 2006: Climate feedback implied by observed radiation and precipitation changes with midlatitude storm strength and frequency. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi 10.1029/2005GL024513, (1-5).

Wang, J., and W.B. Rossow, 1995: Determination of cloud vertical structure from upper air observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 2243-2258.

Wang, J., and W.B. Rossow, 1998: Effects of cloud vertical structure on atmospheric circulation in the GISS GCM. J. Climate, 11, 3010-3029.

Wang, J., W.B. Rossow, T. Uttal and M. Rozendaal, 1999: Variability of cloud vertical structure during ASTEX from a combination of rawinsonde, radar, ceilometer and satellite data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2484-2502.

Wang, J., W.B. Rossow and Y-C. Zhang, 2000: Cloud vertical structure and its variations from a 20-year global rawinsonde dataset. J. Climate, 13, 3041-3056.

Zhang, Y-C., W.B. Rossow and A.A. Lacis, 1995: Calculation of surface and top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP datasets, Part I: Method and sensitivity to input data uncertainties. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1149-1165.

Zhang, Y-C., and W.B. Rossow, 1997: Estimating meridional energy transports by the atmospheric and oceanic general circulations using boundary flux data. J. Climate., 10, 2358-2373.

Zhang, Y-C., W.B. Rossow, A.A. Lacis, M.I. Mishchenko and V. Oinas, 2004: Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top-of-atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global datasets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data. J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi 10.1029/2003JD004457 (1-27 + 1-25).

Zhang, Y., W. B. Rossow, and P. W. Stackhouse, 2006: Comparison of different global information sources used in surface radiative flux calculation: Radiative properties of the near-surface atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D13106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006873, (1-13).

Zhang, Y-C., W.B. Rossow and P.W. Stackhouse, 2007: Comparison of different global information sources used in surface radiative flux calculation: Radiative properties of the surface. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01102, doi: 10.1029/2005JD007008, (1-20).